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Bear Black
Bear Black

BOTOX® and Botulinum Toxin Products to Bear Black Box Warning

The FDA issued a requirement for black box labeling on Allergan, Inc. Botox® and Botox Cosmetic®, Solstice Neruoscience’s Myobloc®, and Ipsen’s Dysport®, the newest formulation of botulinum toxin. Hospitalizations and deaths due to botulism poisoning have been reported, although a WebMD article of April 30, 2009 reports that the “Deaths among adults are suspected but could not be confirmed.” This report also states that no serious side effects have been confirmed due to cosmetic uses of Botox® and Myobloc®.

The key word in the above statements is “confirmed” as there have been a large number of reports filed. The decision to require the black box warning resulted from hospitalizations, including deaths of children with cerebral palsy who received botulinum toxin to treat muscle spasms. While reports indicate that the danger is associated with the higher doses used in therapeutic treatments, other reports suggest that cosmetic uses, especially the off-label uses have resulted in serious adverse reactions.

How bad can it get?

The FDA’s Adverse Event Database (AERS) reports 180 adverse events, of which there were 16 deaths. Many more are posted online from the European Union (EU). As of November 2005 693 cases were reported throughout its 27 member nations of which there were 17 deaths due to aspiration pneumonia.

The most common adverse events result from the toxin spreading from the injection site to distant sites where it has caused incontinence, drooping eyelids, double or blurred vision, difficulty talking, hoarseness, dry mouth, muscle weakness, breathing difficulties, and dysphagia (difficulty swallowing,) which leads to aspiration pneumonia due to weakness of the epiglottis and esophageal muscles. Weakened esophageal muscles can’t prevent reflux, and a weakened epiglottis doesn’t close off the airway sufficiently and allows stomach contents, or food or drink to enter the upper airways and lungs, a potentially fatal condition known as aspiration pneumonia.

Approved uses of botulinum toxin

There are two approved uses of botulinum toxin drugs. The first is therapeutic, primarily to treat cervical dystonia (uncontrolled muscle spasms in the neck and shoulder.) The second is cosmetic, to reduce frown lines between the eyebrows, or to treat excessive underarm sweating. Most cosmetic use of Botox® is not FDA approved and is considered off-label. Off-label uses of Botox® include injections in unapproved sites as well as in multiple sites.

According to the FDA, if the drug is used as descried on the label the likelihood of adverse reactions is near zero. Myobloc® is approved only for cervical dystonia. Because of dosage differences and type differences (Botox® is a type A and Myobloc® is a type B toxin) switching from one manufacturer’s formulation to another is a potential risk that can result in an overdose with the toxin spreading to unintended muscles.

The black box warning is accompanied by requirements to inform users in writing that botulinum toxin products have the potential for distant spread at the time of their injection. Manufacturers are to warn doctors and patients about the dangers of overdosing by substituting different botulinum products. Manufacturers are also to follow the outcomes of children and adults who receive their botulinum toxin drugs for involuntary muscle movement, and to submit safety data to the FDA.

About the Author

If you have received treatment from any botulism drug for cosmetic or therapeutic purposes and have experienced any of the above symptoms (even weeks after treatment) please visit the website of Schlichter, Bogard & Denton, experienced pharmaceutical attorneys.

Black Bear hunting in the United States?

I was wondering if there were states where You Can, and people do, successfully black bear hunt in the US? If so what is the best state?

We have some black bear hunting in Michigan. Contact the DNR for information about getting the necessary permit.

Black Bear Cubs

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Bear Black Bear

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Bear Black Bear
Bear Black Bear

The Much Misunderstood Life of Bears

The life of bears is very much misunderstood, as is their association with humans. As bears have been forced out of their natural habitat they have been forced into more contact with humans than is good for either species, so it is important that one species has more understanding of the other. Since bears cannot read, it is up to humans to educate themselves about a species of animal that has no animosity towards them unless they are very hungry or if they come between them and their children.

Bears are a relatively intelligent species with well-developed brains. They are fast and strong with a highly developed sense of smell, and are also very resourceful and protective of their families. Their natural diet in the wild is omnivorous, and they will eat eggs, carrion, insects and small mammals such as mice, rats and voles. They will also eat fish, as most of us are aware having watched them on film catching salmon swimming and jumping upriver to spawn. They also eat grasses, roots, berries, nuts and honey.

However, species such as polar bears that live in areas devoid of vegetation have evolved into a largely carnivorous species with excellent swimming abilities needed to catch their primary food source - seals. It is also an expert stalker, without, for obvious reasons, the tree-climbing abilities of most of its cousins. Nevertheless, it is still a bear, as is the spectacled bear, the grizzly and the cute vegetarian panda (which has been proved a bear).

Just like humans, baby bears are born naked, blind and helpless, and are completely dependent on their mothers for sustenance and warmth. The mother will have between one and three in a litter, and will look after her cubs for 2 -3 years before she has another litter after which she will drive her previous children away to tend for themselves. However, during the first three years, you will not find a better and more attentive mother, and woe betides anybody that gets between her and her cubs. Just like human mothers, that is part of the life of bears.

The tales of angry bears killing humans are generally true only when the human has been threatening the cubs. Such attacks can also occur when humans get too close to the bear community and are attacked by male bears trying to exert their authority. Most people have no understanding of bear society, but tend to look on them as they would humans, anthropomorphizing them and applying human laws on wild animals. Bears to not commit murder - only humans do.

There have been several notable examples of humans being killed by bears when they have encroached on bear territory and believed that the bears 'liked' and 'got along' with them, but if they are accepted too much by the bears, then humans will be challenged in the same way as other bears are. In fact, bears generally only attack humans to protect their children or if they are attacked themselves. They can also attack if very hungry, their hunger generally caused by humans destroying their natural habitat or taking their food for themselves.

Bears also play a lot, and this applies to all types of bears: brown bears, black bears, polar bears and panda bears. Play is an important part of their development, and is how they learn to catch their prey - just as cats learn to hunt. There are several types of play in respect of bears, including playing with members of other species.

Part of this play is a bear play fighting, and You Can tell the difference in that in a real aggressive situation, the hairs on a bear's neck and shoulders will become erect. People claim to have been attacked by small bears, though it is more likely that it was a baby or adolescent bear trying to play with them. A real bear attack will give a human no chance of survival unless suitably armed.

Grizzly bears and black bears look more dangerous than smaller brown bears, and nobody would believe that a wild giant panda could attack and kill them because it looks so cuddly. However it will, under the same circumstances that a Brown Bear or grizzly will attack, and people have been killed by pandas just as by other bear species.

The life of bears is misunderstood, particularly in those areas of the USA and Asia where they are most found. They raid trash cans and will even break into houses if they are hungry, just as people do, and will protect their families, just as people do.

Is it the bear's fault? That is a matter of opinion, but bears are not like people - they have no malice, and do not knowingly commit murder. However, just as humans will, they will protect their family, their territory and their home, and will not think twice about using lethal force to do so - just like most humans!

The life of bears is like that humans in many respects, even to the extend of standing on two feet, and is one reason why they are not only misunderstood but that human values are placed upon them with tragic consequences. Many bear species are now extinct, and others, like the grizzly, are well on their way. Just for acting like people do!

About the Author

For more information on the life of many types of bear, check out
http://www.bearplanet.org
where you will find pictures, facts and lots more information on
Bear Planet

What is the best cage for Black Bear Hamsters?

I've wanted a hamster for 4 years, and I'm finally getting one. Someone told me syrains were good, and I love black hamsters, so I've decided I'm going to get a black bear. I just don't know what habbitat is best for it. I have two cats so...
Thanks so much, but I've never seen a SAM cage before, where can I get one?

I had one and kept it in a tank..he hated it and it was a terrible cage for him, but the one the pet store recommended.
I'd never use one of those tube plastic ones, they are so bad for hamsters...
I finally got him a metal, wire 2 story cage at the pet store...the bottom was solid and I loaded it up with Aspen Bedding and fluff in his wooden sleeping house....he loved it!!!

They like to climb...the wire cage is good for that and they can explore safely.
But make sure the cage is NOT wire on the bottom and give him a lot of bedding, they need it and love to hide in it.
have fun!

Black Bear Ontario Canada

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